Hello EVO Forum!
This week we will look HGH and how it works, how we can apply it to different scenario’s and its efficacious effects on the body and its downstream pathways. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN TO THE DIFFERENT TOPICS OF INTEREST, I recommend reading the whole thing however!
TOPICS:
History of HGH
What does it do?
Anti Aging
HGH and Bodybuilding
Dosing
HGH and E2
HGH and Thyroid
Side effects
My Thoughts
I’ll try keep this post as relevant as possible for you guys, HGH is one of those things that can be really misunderstood, and the reaction we get really depends on your genetics. Metabolism is important with GH as it will dictate its mechanism. There is strong correlation between HGH and E2, HGH and Insulin, HGH and IGF1 and HGH and Thyroid. There’s a lot to cover with HGH, but I will cover the basics with some more relevant information and how we can use this compound to its maximum potential.
History of HGH
HGH was found over 100 years ago and was used in the first human in 1956 and wasn’t directly sourced or synthesised from human pituitary’s, rather from Bovine Origin. This made it ineffective, however 3 seperate labs used 3 different extraction methods from human pituitary’s to synthesise the molecule. By 1959 it was successfully tested in humans as now they had access to new extraction methods. 1mg (3IU) was the typical dose and they needed 360 humans to actually produce this 3IU. The HGH used was referred to as Cadaver HGH or C-HGH for short.
“The first patient treated with cadaveric pituitary GH (hGH) was reported in 1958. Subsequently, collection of cadaveric pituitaries started in many countries and several centers extracted the hormone using one of two methods: a. Acetone preservation and extraction with hot glacial acetic acid (Rabin method) b. Collection in distilled water, freezing and extraction on columns yielding several pituitary hormones including hGH (Wilhelmi method). The purified extracts of hGH were found to have metabolic and growth stimulating activity but the limited amounts permitted the treatment only of children with GH deficiency (GHD)”
Mass production began in 1985 by recombinant technology which insulin was also created, but came under scrutiny as people were dying of Creutzfeldt - Jacob Disease ( mental ability’s being degraded quickly) by C-HGH which was used in the periods of 1958 -1985, As this technology became more advanced, more HGH supply was available to start investigating more and more of its effects. It was way more successful being synthetic not causing CJD, as this was a huge set back. 191 amino acid sequence being now the most popular as it’s completely bio identical, easier to handle by the body and to metabolise.
What is HGH and what does it do?
HGH is 191-aa sequence peptide hormone and it is a stress hormone with its effects completely mediated by IGF1. It is technically anabolic for a stress hormone unlike cortisol. It is released when cortisol is high, insulin levels are low.
Being released at night when insulin levels are low, during training and after training in pulses. As bodybuilders we would like to mimic these pulses and dose at these times, but I’ll get into this later. It is known for its affect on hyperplasia which is the splitting of cells to create new ones via fusion of nuclei, New cells = new muscle. It’s an extremely anabolic hormone, however it does not cause hypertrophic effects. This is why we combine with steroids as it will create that two in one effect, hyperplasia + hypertrophy = literal morphing.
HGH and Anti Aging
Let’s dive in a little more on how this works, the nature of the drug is that it pulses throughout the day endogenously, with up to 2IU produced per day which can decline as we age, 10% for every 10 years. It’s a popular choice amongst the anti aging community for its healing properties and its strong collagen synthesis, creating a much more appealing cosmetic look to the skin and hair, reducing wrinkles and overall healthy glow to the body. 2-3IU will result in this affect but must be used in the long term. We are creating new cells as this process takes time, we are however trying to multiply the amount of new cells and overtime will mature and develop to create stronger tissues. It will also give the body the chance to start metabolising waste dead cells through apoptosis and will create a much healthier environment for the body to function. Dead cells or damaged cells correspond with wrinkles, poor gut health, inflammation and poorer immune system. Supplementing HGH at a replacement for this reason will do wonders for systemic function and overall longevity.
HGH and Bodybuilding
Let’s face it we are here to read this part and that’s it
, HGH is one of the most powerful tools to use in bodybuilding and for its purpose for fat loss and muscle gain. I admit, it won’t create the look you want overnight, but in the long term it will create changes that will transform your look considerably. HGH users have a different look, round, full, 3D and hard. It’s the trademark bodybuilding look and for good reason. We typically are looking at doses of 3-10IU, as we start to cap out effects after the 10IU mark for us mortals. It is mainly used in the morning before fasted cardio, and pre bed. We can see that it doesn’t increase any strength or increase your numbers, and that’s not the purpose of it. It will create more water and sodium retention filling up the muscles with way more glycogen, water and electrolytes, as it will
Spare glucose in favour of burning fatty acids, which is the main fat burning mechanism and the beauty of HGH. While E2 is present, it will
Convert to IGF1. And it is the main reason why we actually take it, to get that IGF1 effect in full force. More IGF-1 = More available tissue to grow and more fat to metabolise, which causes the classic body recomposing effect we all see on HGH. However more isn’t better, and we should know how to dose it throughout the day to get the maximum out of it.
Bodybuilding and dosing
HGH dosing can become really over complex if you want it to be. Some people will stick to scientific nuance around half life and dose their HGH every couple of hours paired with insulin. Insulin will allow the GHR (Growth Hormone Receptor) to come back to the cell surface ready for another dose and reduce the refractory period. Others will dose morning and night, as bro law ( funny enough it’s probably the best way to keep levels stable if your total GH dosing is below 8IU) which I completely agree to do so. We keep IGF1 levels stable at the double a day dosing. Others will shoot a whole bolus amount at night. It’s also worth noting that GH needs time to work.. 12 week cycles won’t cut it, a commitment over a years span at least is recommended to benefit the most out of it.
Traditionally in medicine for HIV patients, they dose Serostim at the full 18IU dose.. why?
HIV patients don’t have the tenacity to inject themselves 2-3 times a day, so compliance is key. Dosing once per day before bed was best, looking at the effects of GH in the body at night will help them recover and heal. HIV Patients have genes that put them in heavy catabolism, causing muscle loss. Shooting a huge bolus dose of 18IU shoots blood sugar right up to allow a more “anabolic environment”- reducing cortisol and allowing suppression of this gene, assisting these patients with muscle retention and bone mass density.
In bodybuilders this practise can cause insulin resistance, so we split the dose over periods of the day. Morning, pre workout, post workout and night time depending on your dose, goals and genetic makeup. We also pair this with insulin or some sort of GLP-1 to lower total BG and HBA1C to combat insulin resistance and this is a big concern when using hgh as a bodybuilder eating loads of calories per day. We can’t just shoot 8IU and hope for the best. It needs some thought and understanding of what we are doing in that moment and we can maintain our longevity and health. Also note, that if you do have cancer running through the genes, please get cancer markers checked. As HGH grows every cell.
Fasted administrative practises are preferable in bodybuilding especially at fasted cardio. This can be done IM or SUBQ. 1.5IU is the ceiling benefit we get of release fatty acids in the blood stream to burn and use up during these sessions. We will have plenty of this from the dose the night before pending on amount. As peak serum SubQ is 2-3 hours and it’s biological half life of 9-17 hours. Causing a rise in blood serum over that time, however it’s important to note that IGF1 in blood serum is not everything, for fat burning purposes, sure it’s good to note but we do want this IGF1 in the muscle and not so much systemically. I prefer IM administration in the morning and pre workout with subq at night as preference. Again, this will allow greater peak before fasted cardio and greater fat burning potential, as subq will take 4/6 times longer then IM(10-30 mins).
Preworkout GH is a little more nuance. If you take over a certain amount per day, splitting the dose can help to achieve more stable and peak IGF1 in the body. It Effects a protien call decorin which is a myokyne which can directly interact with MTOR which will correlate to a stronger MGF response within the Muscle, as they sense tension and Cytokines release MGF and kicks off the process of muscle building. Which is how we can take advantage of GH Preworkout.
I do found comestically it does make you appear fuller and paired with insulin Preworkout will cause a much greater impact on muscle building anecdotally speaking. Insulin and GH is another topic to dive into, but let’s understand bare basics here first.
Pre bed is when you want to shoot majority of it. As it has time to build in serum and build the beloved IGF1 in large numbers. Causing a deeper sleep, restoring and promoting collagen synthesis, kicking off hyperplasia, and more fat burning. They said majority of the fat loss and muscle gained is during sleep, this now accelerating the process will result in a more favourable body composition even at low doses.
Below is some bonus information around HGH and its interesting interaction with the thyroid and E2.
HGH and E2
E2 having quite an important role in initiating the conversion of HGH to IGF-1 in the liver and is critical to having success with using HGH. Using things such as AIs blunt this effect drastically. A good example of this was Liver King, he was using 10-12IU of Pharma HGH, Winstrol and an AI, and couldn’t understand why his serum IGF was so low, long behold our friend Vigorous Steve shining light on the issue, stating his E2 was crashed causing no conversion of HGH to IGF1 and becoming bound. Dollars wasted over a simple variable that is easily manipulated. In contest prep, we want to crash our E2 for a very short period to really dry up and remove stubborn fat caused by E2, and by this point HGH is serving different purposes and maybe contributing a small percentile of the final look depending on genetics and type of GH, again this is individual. Some can come into shows running their full dose and low E2 and maintaining complete fullness and low water retention, others need to pull back to come in sharper, others need to drop completely.
What we can learn here as a community outside of contest prep, and what I strongly suggest is to ensure e2 is within range at all times (40-120), HGH or not. This will ensure complete efficiency of the peptide, and E2 will continue to do its job playing a key role in protecting our vital organs, contributing to muscle growth and brain function. Remember that too much E2 in males is problematic in some individuals, and crashing E2 below 40 can potentially cause issues. I can do another info write on E2 and explaining its role in men as it’s a sexually Bi-Morphic hormone, completely different roles on both male and females.
Again running high DHTs and AIs may cause inhibitions of HGH and the whys around its use. You may render it useless, and it’s why I advise having someone such as a coach that knows how to get the most out of your body.
In conclusion we want E2 to ensure the final conversion to IGF1 is high and to get absolute max out of our hard earned dollars.
HGH and Thyroid
I’ll keep this relatively short, as what we need to know is nuance at this point but I do think there is some value in it. Essentially HGH will up regulate thyroid function, converting T4-T3 rapidly. This can cause the body overtime to run out of T4 to actually convert and the thyroid may fail to keep up.
Bloodwork will come in handy here, we can use many different natural practices to increase T4 production via TSH. T4 supplementation will aid the thyroid in this case (similar to insulin) to continue to supply the body with enough of the hormone, crucial for how overall metabolism and health. The last thing we want is for our metabolism to crash and going backwards. We need the thyroid to be optimal.
HGH and its side effects.
HGH is known for its low side effect profile if used correctly and its actual properties and chemical composition. Some may include carpal tunnel syndrome, when the nerves in the wrist are pressed onto each other resulting in hand numbness. This is due to the increase in swelling overall, sodium and water retention being the main culprit as higher then homeostatic IGF1 can cause this. Unwanted bone growth in bone plates that aren’t closed, feet, wrists, head, hands and even the nose and forehead. “Acromegaly” being the scientific term. It happens in some individuals. I myself have noticed bigger feet, joints such as my wrist calcified due to high collagen uptake and numb hands. It isn’t fun, as I wake up in the morning unable to move my hands without shooting pain. So just a warning. It can also cause organ growth, however, we see this in larger bodybuilders eating copious amounts of food paired with insulin. We have IGF1 receptors everywhere, the organs such as the intestinal tract and stomach is no exception. These will grow with continued use and food increases beyond what we can handle naturally.
These are just some of the things that can happen, it’s seen in more freak body’s, with lower myostatin output, the Lower myostatin the body produces, the more growth occurs all
Over the body. Growth of cancer cells is a major concern, so I don’t recommend using this in any case of cancer or potential growths correlated with genes.
My closing thoughts:
I haven’t even touched the surface of this compound as it interacts with so many process in the body, GH is certainly a staple within the bodybuilding realm. It’s synergy with AAS allows
Them be used more effectively at lower doses causing new tissue to be created whilst being grown simultaneously. It burns body fat and keeps you very lean providing you are already at that point, which is worth noting that leaner individuals will benefit more out of the drug then anyone else. It heals many parts of the body including the gut, skin and overall cellular repair. With so many benefits it’s hard to pass up
The opportunity. I would invest more of my PED money into HGH then anything else, low doses are safer with benefits mentioned above, used in longer periods of time. It can be used in all facets of fitness at any age, and it’s why it’s so popular. I have seen most of my progress since using HGH and wish I knew about it sooner.
Citations -
Laron Z. The Era of Cadaveric Pituitary Extracted Human Growth Hormone (1958-1985):Biological and Clinical Aspects. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2018 Sep;16(Suppl 1):11-16. doi: 10.17458/per.vol16.2018.la.hghcadavericpituitary. PMID: 30378778.
This week we will look HGH and how it works, how we can apply it to different scenario’s and its efficacious effects on the body and its downstream pathways. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN TO THE DIFFERENT TOPICS OF INTEREST, I recommend reading the whole thing however!
TOPICS:
History of HGH
What does it do?
Anti Aging
HGH and Bodybuilding
Dosing
HGH and E2
HGH and Thyroid
Side effects
My Thoughts
I’ll try keep this post as relevant as possible for you guys, HGH is one of those things that can be really misunderstood, and the reaction we get really depends on your genetics. Metabolism is important with GH as it will dictate its mechanism. There is strong correlation between HGH and E2, HGH and Insulin, HGH and IGF1 and HGH and Thyroid. There’s a lot to cover with HGH, but I will cover the basics with some more relevant information and how we can use this compound to its maximum potential.
History of HGH
HGH was found over 100 years ago and was used in the first human in 1956 and wasn’t directly sourced or synthesised from human pituitary’s, rather from Bovine Origin. This made it ineffective, however 3 seperate labs used 3 different extraction methods from human pituitary’s to synthesise the molecule. By 1959 it was successfully tested in humans as now they had access to new extraction methods. 1mg (3IU) was the typical dose and they needed 360 humans to actually produce this 3IU. The HGH used was referred to as Cadaver HGH or C-HGH for short.
“The first patient treated with cadaveric pituitary GH (hGH) was reported in 1958. Subsequently, collection of cadaveric pituitaries started in many countries and several centers extracted the hormone using one of two methods: a. Acetone preservation and extraction with hot glacial acetic acid (Rabin method) b. Collection in distilled water, freezing and extraction on columns yielding several pituitary hormones including hGH (Wilhelmi method). The purified extracts of hGH were found to have metabolic and growth stimulating activity but the limited amounts permitted the treatment only of children with GH deficiency (GHD)”
Mass production began in 1985 by recombinant technology which insulin was also created, but came under scrutiny as people were dying of Creutzfeldt - Jacob Disease ( mental ability’s being degraded quickly) by C-HGH which was used in the periods of 1958 -1985, As this technology became more advanced, more HGH supply was available to start investigating more and more of its effects. It was way more successful being synthetic not causing CJD, as this was a huge set back. 191 amino acid sequence being now the most popular as it’s completely bio identical, easier to handle by the body and to metabolise.
What is HGH and what does it do?
HGH is 191-aa sequence peptide hormone and it is a stress hormone with its effects completely mediated by IGF1. It is technically anabolic for a stress hormone unlike cortisol. It is released when cortisol is high, insulin levels are low.
Being released at night when insulin levels are low, during training and after training in pulses. As bodybuilders we would like to mimic these pulses and dose at these times, but I’ll get into this later. It is known for its affect on hyperplasia which is the splitting of cells to create new ones via fusion of nuclei, New cells = new muscle. It’s an extremely anabolic hormone, however it does not cause hypertrophic effects. This is why we combine with steroids as it will create that two in one effect, hyperplasia + hypertrophy = literal morphing.
HGH and Anti Aging
Let’s dive in a little more on how this works, the nature of the drug is that it pulses throughout the day endogenously, with up to 2IU produced per day which can decline as we age, 10% for every 10 years. It’s a popular choice amongst the anti aging community for its healing properties and its strong collagen synthesis, creating a much more appealing cosmetic look to the skin and hair, reducing wrinkles and overall healthy glow to the body. 2-3IU will result in this affect but must be used in the long term. We are creating new cells as this process takes time, we are however trying to multiply the amount of new cells and overtime will mature and develop to create stronger tissues. It will also give the body the chance to start metabolising waste dead cells through apoptosis and will create a much healthier environment for the body to function. Dead cells or damaged cells correspond with wrinkles, poor gut health, inflammation and poorer immune system. Supplementing HGH at a replacement for this reason will do wonders for systemic function and overall longevity.
HGH and Bodybuilding
Let’s face it we are here to read this part and that’s it

Spare glucose in favour of burning fatty acids, which is the main fat burning mechanism and the beauty of HGH. While E2 is present, it will
Convert to IGF1. And it is the main reason why we actually take it, to get that IGF1 effect in full force. More IGF-1 = More available tissue to grow and more fat to metabolise, which causes the classic body recomposing effect we all see on HGH. However more isn’t better, and we should know how to dose it throughout the day to get the maximum out of it.
Bodybuilding and dosing
HGH dosing can become really over complex if you want it to be. Some people will stick to scientific nuance around half life and dose their HGH every couple of hours paired with insulin. Insulin will allow the GHR (Growth Hormone Receptor) to come back to the cell surface ready for another dose and reduce the refractory period. Others will dose morning and night, as bro law ( funny enough it’s probably the best way to keep levels stable if your total GH dosing is below 8IU) which I completely agree to do so. We keep IGF1 levels stable at the double a day dosing. Others will shoot a whole bolus amount at night. It’s also worth noting that GH needs time to work.. 12 week cycles won’t cut it, a commitment over a years span at least is recommended to benefit the most out of it.
Traditionally in medicine for HIV patients, they dose Serostim at the full 18IU dose.. why?
HIV patients don’t have the tenacity to inject themselves 2-3 times a day, so compliance is key. Dosing once per day before bed was best, looking at the effects of GH in the body at night will help them recover and heal. HIV Patients have genes that put them in heavy catabolism, causing muscle loss. Shooting a huge bolus dose of 18IU shoots blood sugar right up to allow a more “anabolic environment”- reducing cortisol and allowing suppression of this gene, assisting these patients with muscle retention and bone mass density.
In bodybuilders this practise can cause insulin resistance, so we split the dose over periods of the day. Morning, pre workout, post workout and night time depending on your dose, goals and genetic makeup. We also pair this with insulin or some sort of GLP-1 to lower total BG and HBA1C to combat insulin resistance and this is a big concern when using hgh as a bodybuilder eating loads of calories per day. We can’t just shoot 8IU and hope for the best. It needs some thought and understanding of what we are doing in that moment and we can maintain our longevity and health. Also note, that if you do have cancer running through the genes, please get cancer markers checked. As HGH grows every cell.
Fasted administrative practises are preferable in bodybuilding especially at fasted cardio. This can be done IM or SUBQ. 1.5IU is the ceiling benefit we get of release fatty acids in the blood stream to burn and use up during these sessions. We will have plenty of this from the dose the night before pending on amount. As peak serum SubQ is 2-3 hours and it’s biological half life of 9-17 hours. Causing a rise in blood serum over that time, however it’s important to note that IGF1 in blood serum is not everything, for fat burning purposes, sure it’s good to note but we do want this IGF1 in the muscle and not so much systemically. I prefer IM administration in the morning and pre workout with subq at night as preference. Again, this will allow greater peak before fasted cardio and greater fat burning potential, as subq will take 4/6 times longer then IM(10-30 mins).
Preworkout GH is a little more nuance. If you take over a certain amount per day, splitting the dose can help to achieve more stable and peak IGF1 in the body. It Effects a protien call decorin which is a myokyne which can directly interact with MTOR which will correlate to a stronger MGF response within the Muscle, as they sense tension and Cytokines release MGF and kicks off the process of muscle building. Which is how we can take advantage of GH Preworkout.
I do found comestically it does make you appear fuller and paired with insulin Preworkout will cause a much greater impact on muscle building anecdotally speaking. Insulin and GH is another topic to dive into, but let’s understand bare basics here first.
Pre bed is when you want to shoot majority of it. As it has time to build in serum and build the beloved IGF1 in large numbers. Causing a deeper sleep, restoring and promoting collagen synthesis, kicking off hyperplasia, and more fat burning. They said majority of the fat loss and muscle gained is during sleep, this now accelerating the process will result in a more favourable body composition even at low doses.
Below is some bonus information around HGH and its interesting interaction with the thyroid and E2.
HGH and E2
E2 having quite an important role in initiating the conversion of HGH to IGF-1 in the liver and is critical to having success with using HGH. Using things such as AIs blunt this effect drastically. A good example of this was Liver King, he was using 10-12IU of Pharma HGH, Winstrol and an AI, and couldn’t understand why his serum IGF was so low, long behold our friend Vigorous Steve shining light on the issue, stating his E2 was crashed causing no conversion of HGH to IGF1 and becoming bound. Dollars wasted over a simple variable that is easily manipulated. In contest prep, we want to crash our E2 for a very short period to really dry up and remove stubborn fat caused by E2, and by this point HGH is serving different purposes and maybe contributing a small percentile of the final look depending on genetics and type of GH, again this is individual. Some can come into shows running their full dose and low E2 and maintaining complete fullness and low water retention, others need to pull back to come in sharper, others need to drop completely.
What we can learn here as a community outside of contest prep, and what I strongly suggest is to ensure e2 is within range at all times (40-120), HGH or not. This will ensure complete efficiency of the peptide, and E2 will continue to do its job playing a key role in protecting our vital organs, contributing to muscle growth and brain function. Remember that too much E2 in males is problematic in some individuals, and crashing E2 below 40 can potentially cause issues. I can do another info write on E2 and explaining its role in men as it’s a sexually Bi-Morphic hormone, completely different roles on both male and females.
Again running high DHTs and AIs may cause inhibitions of HGH and the whys around its use. You may render it useless, and it’s why I advise having someone such as a coach that knows how to get the most out of your body.
In conclusion we want E2 to ensure the final conversion to IGF1 is high and to get absolute max out of our hard earned dollars.
HGH and Thyroid
I’ll keep this relatively short, as what we need to know is nuance at this point but I do think there is some value in it. Essentially HGH will up regulate thyroid function, converting T4-T3 rapidly. This can cause the body overtime to run out of T4 to actually convert and the thyroid may fail to keep up.
Bloodwork will come in handy here, we can use many different natural practices to increase T4 production via TSH. T4 supplementation will aid the thyroid in this case (similar to insulin) to continue to supply the body with enough of the hormone, crucial for how overall metabolism and health. The last thing we want is for our metabolism to crash and going backwards. We need the thyroid to be optimal.
HGH and its side effects.
HGH is known for its low side effect profile if used correctly and its actual properties and chemical composition. Some may include carpal tunnel syndrome, when the nerves in the wrist are pressed onto each other resulting in hand numbness. This is due to the increase in swelling overall, sodium and water retention being the main culprit as higher then homeostatic IGF1 can cause this. Unwanted bone growth in bone plates that aren’t closed, feet, wrists, head, hands and even the nose and forehead. “Acromegaly” being the scientific term. It happens in some individuals. I myself have noticed bigger feet, joints such as my wrist calcified due to high collagen uptake and numb hands. It isn’t fun, as I wake up in the morning unable to move my hands without shooting pain. So just a warning. It can also cause organ growth, however, we see this in larger bodybuilders eating copious amounts of food paired with insulin. We have IGF1 receptors everywhere, the organs such as the intestinal tract and stomach is no exception. These will grow with continued use and food increases beyond what we can handle naturally.
These are just some of the things that can happen, it’s seen in more freak body’s, with lower myostatin output, the Lower myostatin the body produces, the more growth occurs all
Over the body. Growth of cancer cells is a major concern, so I don’t recommend using this in any case of cancer or potential growths correlated with genes.
My closing thoughts:
I haven’t even touched the surface of this compound as it interacts with so many process in the body, GH is certainly a staple within the bodybuilding realm. It’s synergy with AAS allows
Them be used more effectively at lower doses causing new tissue to be created whilst being grown simultaneously. It burns body fat and keeps you very lean providing you are already at that point, which is worth noting that leaner individuals will benefit more out of the drug then anyone else. It heals many parts of the body including the gut, skin and overall cellular repair. With so many benefits it’s hard to pass up
The opportunity. I would invest more of my PED money into HGH then anything else, low doses are safer with benefits mentioned above, used in longer periods of time. It can be used in all facets of fitness at any age, and it’s why it’s so popular. I have seen most of my progress since using HGH and wish I knew about it sooner.
Citations -
Laron Z. The Era of Cadaveric Pituitary Extracted Human Growth Hormone (1958-1985):Biological and Clinical Aspects. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2018 Sep;16(Suppl 1):11-16. doi: 10.17458/per.vol16.2018.la.hghcadavericpituitary. PMID: 30378778.